Development of a Headlight Glare Simulator for a Driving Simulator. Abstract. We describe the design and construction of a headlight glare simulator to be used with a driving simulator. The system combines a modified programmable off–the- shelf LED display board and a beamsplitter so that the LED lights, representing the headlights of oncoming cars, are superimposed over the driving simulator headlights image. Ideal spatial arrangement of optical components to avoid misalignments of the superimposed images is hard to achieve in practice and variations inevitably introduce some parallax. Furthermore, the driver’s viewing position varies with driver’s height and seating position preferences exacerbate such misalignment. We reduce the parallax errors using an intuitive calibration procedure (simple drag- and- drop alignment of nine LED positions with calibration dots on the screen). To simulate the dynamics of headlight brightness changes when two vehicles are approaching, LED intensity control algorithms based on both headlight and LED beam shapes were developed. The simulation errors were estimated and compared to real- world headlight brightness variability. Keywords: Headlight glare simulator, nighttime driving, driving simulator, spatial calibration, optical calibration, ophthalmic devices. Introduction. Glare is the visual effect of scattering light within (or in front of) the eye caused by a relatively bright light source in the field of view (Miller & Benedek, 1. Van den Berg et al., 1. The scattered light (veiling) reduces retinal contrast across the visual field and thus reduces overall visibility (disability glare), in addition to causing distraction and annoyance (discomfort glare). If the glare is strong, it may cause total wash- out of the scene. The contrast reduction makes it difficult to perform various visual tasks related to driving, such as detecting pedestrians, detecting other on- road objects, and following the lane. Disabilities glare as well as discomfort glare caused by oncoming headlights has been associated with nighttime traffic accidents (Bullough et al., 2. Plainis et al., 2. Although headlight glare cannot be considered as a sole factor of all nighttime driving accidents, it is known that pedestrians are much more at risk of collisions in the dark (Sullivan & Flannagan, 2. Owens & Brooks, 1. Even though there are many other effects of aging such as slower reaction time and cognitive decline that may affect the driving performance of older drivers, they are more susceptible to glare due to changes in their eye’s media, especially the crystalline lens. Therefore, oncoming headlight glare could be considered as a significant risk factor. As the population ages, oncoming headlight glare will likely become more of a problem, yet little is currently known about the functional impact or behavioral response to oncoming headlight glare. As the eye’s crystalline lens develops age- related opacities (cataract), light scattering increases with consequential glare/veiling effects (De Waard et al., 1. Sjostrand et al., 1. Furthermore, people with age- related macular degeneration (AMD) have impaired dark adaptation (Sandberg & Gaudio, 1. Collins, 1. 98. 9). With the increase of both life expectancy and mobility in older age groups, the number of people with cataract and/or early AMD symptoms who are driving is expected to increase rapidly. Ophthalmic devices such as implanted multifocal intra ocular lenses (MFIOL) to treats cataract, and multifocal contact lenses (CL) cause light scatter seen as halos. Driving License in UAE Driving License in UAE Procedure, documents and Fees. All Emirates in UAE like Dubai, Abudhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Ummul Quain, Rasal Khaimah.Clinical studies show that the patients with such implanted devices exhibits greater glare effect (Akutsu, et al, 1. Winther- Nielson, 1. · How to convert Singapore licence to International Licence? - posted in Lite & EZ: Hi, I travel quite often and was thinking of helping my co-workers to drive when. A list of resources in various countries that offer International Driving Permits. However, it is not clear how this increased glare affects real life tasks like nighttime driving. Therefore, a greater understanding of the impact of headlight glare under such conditions could improve road safety for road users of all ages. It can also support the improved designs of such devices to reduce the impact of the glare effects. The need to understand the functional impact of the headlight glare, led to numerous studies. Flannagan (1. 99. He found that the size and color of the headlight affected subjective level of discomfort glare, but not the functional disability glare performance. Akashi and Rea (2. Subjects were asked to detect an illuminating target appearing at certain distances and angles. Surprisingly, they found that the presence of the oncoming headlight delayed the target detection for the large eccentricity target but not for the small eccentricity target. Bullough et al. (2. They found that both light level and viewing angle for the glare source were significant factors for the target visibility, while the type of the headlamp which varied in spectral contents did not affect the target visibility significantly. Shi et al. (2. 00. Although the experiments designs used are appropriate for measuring the impact of the glare itself, since most studies have relied on static glare sources and stationary driver’s car, the results cannot easily be translated to real world impact in driving condition, where the oncoming headlight continuously changes its brightness and position for the driver’s perspective. Also, the presence of (pedestrian) target was often fixed, and the tasks were not accompanied by common cognitive loads and attention strategy related to driving. We argue that it is preferable that headlight glare response be measured within a realistic driving environment like a driving simulator along with proper simulation of oncoming headlight glare to increase the applicability of the results. To design a headlight glare simulator that works with a driving simulator, the system needs to be compact, and the position and brightness of the light source need to be controlled quickly and accurately. Conventional headlight sources (e. Furthermore, the beam shape of a chosen headlight source (lamp/reflector) only represents a particular model, and may limit the measured effect to the particular headlight type used. The dynamic nature of an oncoming car’s headlight glare has not been studied much because of the difficulties of realistic glare simulation. A prototype headlight glare simulator to be used with a driving simulator was developed in our lab (Fullerton & Peli, 2. The system combined an off- the- shelf programmable LED display board and a beamsplitter so that the LED lights are superimposed over the driving simulator’s screen. The positions of illuminated LEDs are spatially synchronized with the on- screen positions of simulated oncoming traffic’s movements, and the light intensities of LEDs are also matched to real world headlight intensities as visible to a driver. Although the early prototype headlight glare simulator proved the feasibility of the concept, and simulated the light levels and the dynamics of the headlight movements to some degree, the system had various limitations we addressed here. The earlier prototype design required precise alignments of its components. The LCD screen of the driving simulator and the LED display board of the glare simulator had to be installed perpendicular to each other, and the beamsplitter had to be positioned at exactly 4. Due to the tight space between LCD screen and driver, this ideal set- up was hard to achieve and maintain in practice. If the ideal positioning of the LCD screen, LED board, and beamsplitter is not maintained, the misalignment introduces parallax. Due to the relatively short distance between the image- merging surface (beamsplitter) and the driver’s viewing position, even a small amount of misalignment of the parts becomes noticeable at off- center screen locations. Since viewing position varies between drivers, due to each driver’s height and seating position preferences, the magnitude and the direction of misalignments also varies individually, and it prevents the use of static, system- wide, mapping corrections. To minimize the misalignments caused by parallax, we have implemented an intuitive individual calibration procedure (simple drag- and- drop of on- screen calibration dots) which defines a set of spatial mapping coefficients for each driver. In addition to the improvements in spatial synchronization, in order to simulate the dynamics of headlight brightness changes during nighttime driving, new LED intensity control algorithms based on real- world headlights and LED beam shapes were introduced and validated. International Driving License Malaysia - Application Requirement. What is it? What is an International Driving Permit (IDP)? Firstly, an IDP is also commonly referred as an International Driving License. Calling it an international driving license is incorrect. An IDP is actually derived from your country domestically issued driving license. For Malaysian, it would be the full driving license or the Competent Driving License (CDL) issued by the Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ) or the Malaysian Road Transport Department. Why do you need it? Before I proceed, I just want to make it clear for those that are not aware. A Malaysian driving license, either the Probationary Driving License (PDL) or the Competent Driving License (CDL) are perfectly valid to be used to drive a vehicle in other country. In fact, JPJ has published a list of driving licenses from 1. Malaysia. Let’s get a bit technical. According to Section 2. Road Transport Act (APJ) 1. A driving license issued under the corresponding provisions of any law in force in any State which is a party to a treaty to which Malaysia is also a party and purporting to recognize domestic driving licenses issued by the contracting countries shall, so long as the license remains in force in that State, be deemed to be a driving license granted under this Part. What does the above statement mean? Putting it in a layman’s term, if Malaysia is in a party to a treaty and recognises the domestic driving licenses of other countries, technically, the other countries in the treaty also has to extend the same courtesy by recognising Malaysian driving license to be used in their country. Therefore, when JPJ officially published the list of 1. Malaysia, the same 1. Malaysian driving license to be used in their country. If that is the case, why do we still need an international driving permit? Yes, that is a very good question. The main reason why you need an IDP is language translation. Language translation. If were to look closely at your Competent Driving License, the details are printed in both Bahasa Malaysia and English. Having our driving license details translated into English is very useful indeed. As you know, English is an international language. However, what if you are going to a country where the local people or the local authorities are not well versed in English? For example, let say you traveled to Japan and you planned to rent a car for sight seeing. The proprietor of car rental company would want to see some documentation. They would want to see your passport and of course your driving license. The people in charge of processing your car rental application may not be well versed in English. Can you see the impending challenges you will encounter if you translate your driving license details to only the English language? To overcome this problem, that is why you will need to apply for an international driving permit. According to the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, the IDP is translated into 1. The languages are: English. French. Italian. Swedish. German. Chinese. Arabic. Spanish. Japanese. Russian. Portuguese. Therefore, the IDP will speak the local language of the country you are visiting even through you don’t. Inside the International Driving Permit. International Driving Permit for Malaysian. As explained in the paragraph above, you can use your Malaysian driving license to drive a vehicle in other county. However, just to be sure you won’t face any translation issues, it is recommended for you to get an international driving permit. The conditions to apply for an IDP are: You must have a Competent Driving License (CDL)Your CDL must be still valid. If you are still holding a Probationary Driving License (PDL), you are not allowed to get an IDP. If your driving license has already expired, it is best to get it renewed before you apply for an IDP. Malaysia International Driving Permit. Where to apply? The international driving permit can be applied at the following location: 1) Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ) or Road Transport Department State offices. Automobile Association of Malaysia (AAM) office. Urban Transformation Centre (UTC)Application requirement? The permit application requirements are pretty strait forward. The rules and regulations are as follows: a) Domestic driving license which is still valid for at least a year. Identity card (original)c) 2 copies coloured photo, passport sized) JPJ L1 form. The price for the international driving permit is RM1. The driving permit validity is 1 year. When expired, the permit has to be renewed in Malaysia. Can you have 2 driving licenses? To my knowledge, you have to surrender your Domestic Malaysian License in place of your international driving permit as no one is permitted to posses 2 driving licenses in Malaysia. If in the later stages, you no longer require usage of this said license (which is rather costly anyway), you could then surrender it for your Competent Driver’s License (CDL) later. Foreigner’s driving in Malaysia. If you are coming to Malaysia for a holiday, you might be thinking, can you use your local driving license to drive in Malaysia? The answer is Yes, you can. But make sure your license is valid and not expired. You can use the driving license issued by your country to rent a car or a motorcycle. Be sure to observe the traffic rules on the road. Remember, Malaysia follows the British traffic system, meaning all the cars on the road are Right- hand drive and we drive on the left side of the road.
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